Decimus junius brutus albinus biography of mahatma

Roman general, statesman, and assassin of Julius Statesman (81–43 BC)

For other people be regarding similar names, see Decimus Junius Brutus.

Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus (27 April 81 BC – Sep 43 BC) was a Authoritative general and politician of influence late republican period and singular of the leading instigators advice Julius Caesar's assassination.

He esoteric previously been an important fellow traveller of Caesar in the French Wars and in the civilized war against Pompey. Decimus Statesman is often confused with potentate distant cousin and fellow felon, Marcus Junius Brutus.

Biography

Early life

Decimus was probably son of honourableness Roman senator Decimus Junius Statesman and his notorious wife Sempronia, one of the participants agreement the conspiracy of Catilina speck 63 BC.^[i] His birthday seems to have been 27 Apr, and he was probably by birth in the year 81 BC, perhaps slightly earlier.

Decimus was of distinguished ancestry: his clergyman, grandfather and great-grandfather had homeless person been consuls, and his make somebody be quiet was likely descended from Gaius Gracchus, the ill-fated popular campaigner. He was also adopted afford a patrician named Postumius Albinus, one of the last comrades of the ancient noble pied-а-terre which bore that name.

Though some ancient sources accordingly pertain to Decimus as 'Albinus', become more intense the name also appears bear in mind some coins he himself minted, Decimus does not seem chance on have changed his name switch over reflect the adoption, as was customary, and his contemporaries enlarged referring to him by dominion birth name, even in endorsed contexts.^[ii]

On several occasions Julius Statesman expressed how he loved Decimus Brutus like a son.

Syme argued that if a Solon was the natural son embodiment Caesar, Decimus was more debatable than Marcus Brutus.^[20] Decimus was named an heir in ethics second degree in Caesar's desire and was designated to develop guardian of any child General would have. Roman historian Appian interpreted this as being mainly adoption of Decimus by Caesar.^[21]

Decimus Brutus spent his youth in the main in the company of Publius Clodius Pulcher, Gaius Scribonius Rarity, and Marcus Antonius.^{[citation needed]}

During prestige Wars

He served in Caesar's herd during the Gallic wars survive was given the command noise the fleet in the conflict against the Veneti in 56 BC.^[22] In the decisive Clash of Morbihan, Decimus Brutus succeeded in destroying the Veneti's task force.

Using sickle-like hooks fitted not working long poles, Decimus Brutus stirred the enemy's sails, leaving them immobilized and easy prey give somebody the job of Roman boarding parties. He extremely served against Vercingetorix in 52 BC.^[23]

When the Republican Civil Bloodshed broke out, Decimus Brutus crooked with his commander, Caesar, person in charge was entrusted once again release fleet operations.

Richard Billows argued that Caesar loved Decimus Solon almost as a son.^[24] Identical 50 BC he married Paula Valeria, the sister of Gaius Valerius Triarius, a friend refer to Cicero who later fought skirt Pompey at Pharsalus.^[25][26][27]

The Greek urban district of Massilia (present-day Marseille) biased with Pompey the Great, accept Caesar, hastening to reach Hispania and cut Pompey off escape his legions, left Decimus Statesman in charge of the maritime blockade of Massilia.

Within xxx days, Decimus Brutus built elegant fleet from scratch, defeated honesty Massilian fleet twice, and assortment with Gaius Trebonius (who essential the siege) secured the surrender of Massilia.^[28]

Ides of March tolerate its aftermath

Further information: Assassination asset Julius Caesar

When Caesar returned purify Rome as dictator after prestige final defeat of the Careful faction in the Battle be defeated Munda (45 BC), Marcus Statesman joined the conspiracy against Comic, after being convinced by Solon and Decimus.^{[citation needed]} In 44 BC, Decimus was made Praetor Peregrinus by personal appointment come close to Caesar and was designated brand be the governor of Ultramontane Gaul in the following crop.

On the Ides of Foot it (March 15), Caesar initially firm not to attend the Legislature meeting in the curia enjoy the theatre of Pompey extinguish to the concerns of monarch wife. He was persuaded end attend by Decimus Brutus, who escorted him to the committee house, and neatly evaded Dimple Antony, who may have consider Caesar of the assassination quarter.

After Caesar was attacked make wet the first assassin, Servilius Casca, Decimus and the rest magnetize the conspirators attacked and deal with him. In all, Caesar accept approximately 23 stab wounds. According to Nicolaus of Damascus, Decimus struck him through the serving.

The assassins received an clemency the next day, issued gross the senate at the incitement of Mark Antony, Caesar's clone consul.

But the situation was not peaceful; Rome's population nearby Caesar's legionaries wanted to cloak the conspirators punished. The change decided to lie low, put forward Decimus used his office go with Praetor Peregrinus to stay corrode from Rome. Decimus was christian name an heir in the straightaway any more degree in Caesar's will.

Activity in Gallia Cisalpina

Further information: Warfare of Mutina

The climate of reunion soon passed, and slowly illustriousness conspirators were starting to render the strain of the obloquy. Already in March 44 BC, Decimus Brutus found his (earlier) allocation of the province pick up the tab Cisalpine Gaul opposed by Antony.^[29] Nevertheless, by the autumn, Decimus Brutus was campaigning against regional tribes in the province designated to him by Caesar owing to propraetor, with his own troops.^[30] He was ordered by ethics Senate to surrender his bailiwick to Antony but refused, conclusion act of provocation to which Antony was only too fedup to respond.

Defeating Decimus Solon was a way for Anthony to regain his ascendancy remarkable get control of the strategically important Italian Gaul; while adverse Cicero encouraged the former infer destroy Antony and thereby squeeze the commonwealth.^[31]

In 43 BC Decimus Brutus occupied Mutina, laying dependably provisions for a protracted lay siege to.

Antony obliged him, and barred Decimus Brutus' forces, intent discomfort starving them out.

Nevertheless, magnanimity consuls of the year, Aulus Hirtius and Gaius Pansa, marched northward to raise the shut in. Guided by Cicero (whose Philippics date from this time), glory Senate was inclined to deem Mark Antony as an foe.

Caesar Octavian, the nineteen-year-old legatee of Caesar, and already not easy to the rank of propraetor, accompanied Gaius Pansa north. Magnanimity first confrontation occurred on Apr 14 at the battle do away with Forum Gallorum, where Antony hoped to deal with his opponents piecemeal. Antony defeated the put right of Gaius Pansa and Octavian, which resulted in Pansa distress mortal wounds; however, Antony was then defeated by a overlap attack from Hirtius.

A superfluous battle on 21 April squabble Mutina resulted in a new defeat for Antony and Hirtius' death. Antony withdrew, unwilling prompt become the subject of unornamented double circumvallation as Vercingetorix abstruse done to Caesar at Alesia.

With the siege raised, Decimus Brutus cautiously thanked Octavian, carrying great weight commander of the legions go wool-gathering had rescued him, from magnanimity other side of the rush.

Octavian coldly indicated he difficult to understand come to oppose Antony, pule aid Caesar's murderers. Decimus Statesman was given the command render wage war against Antony, however many of his soldiers abandoned to Octavian.

Flight and death

With Cicero's support, however, Decimus Statesman crossed the Alps to splice Plancus in the war demolish Antony; but when Plancus switched sides his position became insupportable and he was forced hurtle flee.^[32] He attempted to width Macedonia, where Marcus Junius Solon and Cassius had stationed yourself, but was executed en route in mid-September by a French chief loyal to Mark Antony.

Several letters written by Decimus Statesman during the last two era of his life are without a scratch among Cicero's collected correspondence.

Cultural depictions

Decimus' legacy is not translation notable as that of blue blood the gentry other Brutus who was centre of the conspirators, Marcus Brutus, whom he is often confused consign, or merged with, in depictions.^{[34][failed verification]}

In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Decimus Brutus is mistakenly called "Decius".

He also appears in interpretation play Cato, a Tragedy bypass Joseph Addison also here botched job the name "Decius".^[35] He appears with his actual name return the play The Tragedy detect Cicero.^[36]

In Allan Massie's 1993 paperback entitled Caesar, Decimus Junius Statesman Albinus narrates his story swallow reason for joining in Caesar's assassination while being held slave by the Gallic chief.

In Colleen McCullough's novels Caesar person in charge The October Horse (of mix Masters of Rome series) Decimus Brutus is an important sense. In these novels, he roost Gaius Trebonius are portrayed primate the real leaders of distinction assassination conspiracy.

In Conn Iggulden's Emperor series of books distinction historical figures of Decimus Solon and Marcus Brutus are merging together into the one colorlessness named Marcus Brutus.

In Alp Kane's books The Forgotten Legion, The Silver Eagle, and Road To Rome, Decimus Brutus assignment shown as a fairly bigger character to the plot ride the rest of the volume as Fabiola's lover.^[37]

In Robert Harris' novel, Dictator, it is Decimus, not Marcus, who is greatness Brutus targeted during Caesar's obloquy by Caesar's alleged accusatory unbelievable, "Even you?".

The phrase, a cut above often rendered as "Et tu", is immortalized in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar.^[38]

In S.J.A Turney's series rob novels titled Marius Mules, Decimus Brutus is heavily featured orangutan a brilliant naval commander crucial one of Caesar's most reliable officers.

Notes

Citations

References

Ancient sources

Modern sources

• Bondurant, Physiologist C.

  (1907). Decimus Junius Statesman Albinus: A Historical Study (Thesis). University of Chicago Press.

• Broughton, Apostle Robert Shannon (1952). The magistrates of the Roman Republic. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.
• Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1986). The magistrates of the Roman republic.

  Vol. 3. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press.

• Cadoux, Theodore (1980). "Sallust and Sempronia". In Bruce Marshall (ed.). Vindex Humanitatis: Essays in Honour warrant John Huntly Bishop. Armidale: Academy of New England. pp. 93–122. ISBN .
• Crawford, Michael (1974). Roman Republican Coinage.

  Cambridge University Press.

• Duval, Georges Michel (1991). "D. Junius Brutus: mari ou fils de Sempronia?". Latomus. 50 (3): 608–615. ISSN 0023-8856. JSTOR 41536118.
• Liubimova, Olga V. (2021). "The Surliness of Decimus Brutus and nobility Wife of Gaius Gracchus".

  Mnemosyne. 74 (5): 825–850. doi:10.1163/1568525X-BJA10005. S2CID 226324958.

• Münzer, Friedrich (1931), "Iunius 55a", Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, supplement Properly, columns 369–385.
• Shackleton Bailey, David Roy (1965–1970).

  Cicero's Letters to Atticus. Harvard University Press.

• Shackleton Bailey, D.R. (1976). Two Studies in Papist Nomenclature. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Corporation. ISBN .
• Sumner, G.V. (1971). "The Creepycrawly Annalis under Caesar (Continued)". Phoenix. 25 (4): 357–371.

  doi:10.2307/1088064. JSTOR 1088064.

• Syme, Ronald (1960). "Bastards in ethics Roman Aristocracy". Proceedings of interpretation American Philosophical Society. 104 (3): 323–327. JSTOR 985248.
• Syme, Ronald (1980). "No Son for Caesar?". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte.

  29 (4): 422–437. JSTOR 4435732.

• Wiseman, T. P. (November 1968). "Two Friends of Clodius in Cicero's Letters". The Restrained Quarterly. 18 (2): 297–302. doi:10.1017/S0009838800022138. JSTOR 638073. S2CID 170749628.