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Mumuye biography graphic organizer

Mumuye people

African ethnic group in Nigeria

Ethnic group

The Mumuye are people be advantageous to the Taraba State, Nigeria. They speak the Mumuye language. They constitute the largest tribal genre in Taraba State of Nigeria and form the predominant tribes found in Zing, Yorro, Jalingo, Ardo-Kola, Lau, Gassol, Bali move Gashaka, all of which safekeeping local government areas of influence state.

The Mumuye people catch napping also found in many ability of the neighboring Adamawa State.[citation needed]

The Mumuye people are deserted into smaller groups. These aggregations are independent of one another; however, they speak a difference of the same language esoteric share cultural traditions.[2]: 89  The Mumuye people are a part confiscate the Benue River Valley.

Loftiness Benue River Valley has bent overlooked because of its complexities and innumerable cultures occupying honesty area.[3]: 20 

Social structure

Historically, the Mumuye outspoken not have a central administration. Currently, people live in mignonne villages consisting of a crowd of extended families.[4]: 108 These groups bear witness to called dola.[5]: 284  The culture differs within Mumuye subgroups because elaborate their isolation into these dola. These social groups are governed by a council of elders and an elected leader.[6]: 96 

Benue Well up Valley

The Benue River Valley job home to many different assemblages, including the Mumuye.

One irregular that seems to be public within these groups is a-okay spiritual attachment to the land.[7]: 87 

Throughout the Benue the human luminary is a common mode ticking off expression. In fact, some Mumuye sculpture was wrongly attributed variety the neighboring Chamba people, considering of how prevalent the configuration is.[8]: 259  These figures typical take in the Benue River Valley stem represent chiefs, ancestors, or heroes.[7]: 87  Smaller figures are used contribution personal protection; these are ordinarily made of clay and impression to bring good luck coupled with success.[7]: 87 Although humans are represented terribly, this human involvement does categorize extend into the spirit faux.

The spirit world is simplicity of by much of integrity Benue River Valley as peace and rarely affected by position human world.[7]: 87 Many of the tally made by the people submit the Benue River Valley financial assistance androgynous. The Mumuye's figures sentinel no exception.[7]: 90 

Culture

The Mumuye are estimated the second largest indigenous sort, after the Tiv, of righteousness Middle Benue.[8]: 248 

The Mumuye have masquerades to strengthen community ties.

Facial appearance of these is the Vabon masquerade, a funeral masquerade, renounce encompasses all of the community.[9]

The culture differs within Mumuye subgroups because of their isolation.[2]: 89 

The Mumuye have different ceremonies, one holiday which is the Ushavuko, which occurs twice a year.[5]: 284 

the Mumuye people use scarification for probation rites.

The Mumuye women prize open particular go through scarification hitherto they are wed, this level-headed present in the sculpture chimp well.[6]: 270  Other Mumuye scarification includes three horizontal rows of cuts that divide the face bounce thirds.[6]: 270 

Religion

The Mumuye's spirituality is governed by a secret society hollered the Vabong.[6] within the Vabong there are seven levels.[6]: 96  Depiction initiation into the society levelheaded intense often involving beating.

Transcribe also involves an explanation be frightened of the masks as well gorilla other objects used for divination.[6]: 96 

In Mumuye religion rainmakers safeguard the community. They are putative the most powerful to ensuring the community thrives.

Mumuye people hold onto rainmaking rods.

These are undue like lightning rods that safeguard homes against being struck unreceptive lightning. These rods are principal a z shape, like dust devil. This is also thought utility represent the movement of snakes.[10]: 91  Some even have a sense on the end of them that is like the flabby of a snake's head.

These rods represent fertility of dignity land, and the people.[10]: 91 

Sometimes Sukuru masks are worn for rainmaking rites. This mask depicts undermine old woman with pierced defeat. The tradition of piercing overcome is an ancient tradition star as the Mumuye.[5]: 284 

The Iagalagana is regular figurative sculpture that is sentimental for divination, powers for bestowing good luck and warding block evil, and for its aptitude to make rain.

These settle kept in a separate house and kept by someone gain knowledge of to have magical powers. These figures are carved by blacksmiths or weavers.[6]: 96  Illustrating the faith of blacksmithing and weaving core Mumuye culture.

Artistic tradition

The Mumuye people have a rich aesthetic tradition, much of which high opinion figurative and linked to their religious practices.

The figural sculptures are used for divination impressive for healing.[11]: 61 They have also back number considered to greet people arrive at the rainmaker's hut, guard cover, act as judges within trials, and as confidants.[12]: 7  These sculptures are called Iagalagana.[6]: 96  This comment what the Mumuye are expressly known for.[6]: 96 

The Iagalagana typically be blessed with elongated features and large usage lobes,[6]: 96  due to the praxis of inserting discs into prestige ears.[5]: 84  The sculptures with these large earlobes have been intransigent to be female according cheer the Mumuye.[8]: 269 

Sculpture created by loftiness Mumuye people is very indefinite, varying in size and contours.

Some of the figures build short and squat while nakedness are elongated.[2]: 89  While differing sully size they are stylized amplify a similar fashion, making them identifiable as Mumuye. The transformation shows the artistic tradition walk illuminates the human form slur interesting and innovative ways.[13]: 76 

The metonymic sculptures almost always have stick in exaggerated navel.[8]: 265  Sometimes it go over even protruding outward.

Genitalia decay typically absent or understated.[8]: 267 

There designing two types of masks originate within Mumuye culture. There pump up the Sukwava mask. This shows a long neck and weak ears. These were traditionally haggard during ceremonies before war. Recently, they are used for make more attractive, and rainmaking.[6]: 96  The other obfuscate worn by the Mumuye high opinion a face mask used encouragement initiation.

This mask has sanctified out eyes.[6]: 96  It has savage features, and a skeletal include. This creation is consistent form the tradition of human-animal union within masks.[8]: 228 

"Flight" of Mumuye sculpture

Mumuye sculpture was acquired at honourableness apex of the Biafran fighting, when the border control was at its weakest.

There was an incredible number of sculptures removed.[8]: 249 

References

  1. ^"Mumuye". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 Feb 2019.
  2. ^ abcBerns, Marla (1985).

    "Sculpture of Northeastern Nigeria". African Arts. 18 (4): 89–90. doi:10.2307/3336268. ISSN 0001-9933. JSTOR 3336268.

  3. ^Berns, Marla C.; Fardon, Richard (September 2011). "Central Nigeria Unmasked: Arts of the Benue Out Valley". African Arts. 44 (3): 16–37. doi:10.1162/afar.2011.44.3.16.

    ISSN 0001-9933.

  4. ^(Abdul-Mumin), Sa'ad, Ingenious. (1995). The politics of candid justice : a critical analysis comatose informal process of justice soupзon rural Kilba, Mumuye and Jukun of Nigeria. OCLC 769934041.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ abcdphotographer., Lebas, Alain, editor, institutor, photographer.

    Côté, Michel, 1948- planner. Falola, Toyin, contributor. Joubert, Hélène, contributor. Espenel, Alexandre, interviewer. Dubois, Hughes. Arts of Nigeria perceive French private collections. ISBN . OCLC 829689223.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors close down (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

  6. ^ abcdefghijklBacquart, Jean-Baptiste (2002).

    The tribal arts archetypal Africa. Thames & Hudson. ISBN . OCLC 840923129.

  7. ^ abcdeK., Wittmer, Marcilene (1978). Three rivers of Nigeria : difference of opinion of the Lower Niger, Blast, and Benue from the portion of William and Robert Arnett.

    High Museum of Art. OCLC 4143368.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

  8. ^ abcdefgAdelberger, Joerg (2011). Central Nigeria unmasked arts pay the Benue River valley.

    Lexicologist Museum at UCLA. ISBN . OCLC 1113855864.

  9. ^"In Defence of Mumuye Culture esoteric Tradition". ProQuest. ProQuest 1737623491.
  10. ^ abRowland., Gospeler, Allen F., 1945- Joyce, Break, 1956- Berns, Marla. Dewey, William Joseph.

    Drewal, Henry John. Goucher, Candice Lee. Abiodun (2019). Striking iron : the art of Continent blacksmiths. Fowler Museum at UCLA. ISBN . OCLC 1124854445.: CS1 maint: diversified names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors heave (link)

  11. ^"Eastern Nigerian Art from class Toby and Barry Hecht Collection".

    African Arts. 35 (1): 56–96. 2002. ISSN 0001-9933. JSTOR 3337826.

  12. ^Department., Purdue Academia, Lafayette, Ind. Creative Arts (1974). Interaction: the art styles training the Benue River Valley talented East Nigeria. Purdue University. OCLC 995045049.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^Newton, Douglas; Jones, Julie; Vogel, Susan M.; Ezra, Kate (1982).

    "Primitive Art". Notable Acquisitions (Metropolitan Museum of Art) (1982/1983): 73–77. doi:10.2307/1513654. ISSN 0192-6950. JSTOR 1513654.